Saturday, December 21, 2019

The Importance Of The Industrial Revolution - 865 Words

As the 19th century was starting, so was the start of the Industrial Revolution. The 1800s began with a bang as Count Alessandro Volta invented the first battery. Volta is the reason why we now measure electricity in â€Å"volts.† About ten years later Joseph Nicephore Niepce would create a machine that could produce a likeness or photograph. The first photos were taken around his house, the process took several hours to complete. A little later in the same year, the first steamed powertrain was perfected and put on the tracks by inventor George Stephenson. Looking back on these great accomplishments, we can easily see that the battery, the train, and the camera have influenced and are still influencing our society today. In historical terms,†¦show more content†¦The waterwheels’ construction had been improved by the mid 19th century to increase the water flow which even helped to create the water turbine. When created and while these ideas had been produced, m any of the inventors would not have been able to see their creations today because in the world we use a number of these things all the time. Our lives today depend on most of the ideas, like power and energy. If it wasn’t for the industrial improvements and design improvements of everyday things, life would be very different for a lot of different people. In today’s world, society and culture runoff of electricity because what else is there to power everyday things like printers, coffee machines, and the blender that makes a person’s mocha frappuccino from Starbucks. Electricity, later in the 19th century, would be in conjunction with steam power as a source of energy. Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Volta, and Michael Faraday are the inventors and pioneers of the electric age. It was this latter of men who would figure out the differences and changes of mechanical generation of electrical current, chemical reactions to voltaic piles or batteries, and utilization of current in electric motors. The only problem with the creation of electricity was the issue of finding a market. In Britain, it was well known that the country was mostly gas, coal, andShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of the Industrial Revolution649 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was a period of time consisting of great technological advancements that allowed for greater production of goods. Although some changes supported the increase of the quality of life, most changes affected the life of the lower class people. The Industrial Revolution had the greatest amount of social effects as opposed to economic and political effects because of the dramatic changes in working conditions, social classes, and living conditions. Working conditions was a bigRead MoreThe Importance Of The British Industrial Revolution1047 Words   |  5 Pages The British Industrial Revolution had occurred from the mid 1700s to mid 1800s. The slave trade or rather the triangular trade was a major trade between Britain, Africa, and West Indies and the Americas. Britain had traded manufactured goods to Africa, who then traded slaves to the plantations and they then traded produce goods like sugar and cotton. This trade played a significant role in the British history and economy. According to Eric Williams book, Capitalism and Slavery, the slave tradeRead MoreThe Importance of Richard Arkwright to the Industrial Revolution559 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Richard Arkwright to the Industrial Revolution Richard Arkwright was the founder of the factory. He was the first person to invent a machine that used a different form of power other than man. People called him the Father of the Industrial Revolution. Richard was a barber in Lancashire when he saw an opening in the industry for a new invention. Weaving had been speeded up by ‘flying shuttles’ and the thread wasn’t being produced fast enough to keepRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesBritain’s Industrial Revolution.  Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper emphasize the importance of slavery for the development of the Industrial revolution and capitalism. However, as  James Carter, Richard Warren, and Robert Marks demonstrate, global trade and new technology were just as important factors as slavery  because  they increased both the efficiency of production and demand for British-made goods. Carter and Warren classically connect the idea of capitalism to the Industrial revolution becauseRead MoreHistorical Events And Their Impact On The World952 Words   |  4 Pagespast. The Industrial Revolution during the 18th to 19th century, the Industrialization of the 20th century, World War I and World War II, all left traces and have greatly impacted the way we live in today particularly out living standard. The goal of the paper is to discuss the effects of these historical events on the way we live in terms of living standards. The First Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution during the 18th to 19th century was referred to as the First Industrial RevolutionRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesevents that happened in the Industrial Revolution were influenced by actions in the Agricultural Revolution. Innovations like Jethro Tull’s sowing seed influenced later engineers to create more efficient machinery for their own work. Movements like the enclosure movement acted similar to the laws set in place during the Industrial Revolution, because this movement changed the way people had to work. Along with all the importance of the people, the geographical importance was very similar. With theRead MoreThe Decline Of The Industrial Revolution1462 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing due to Britain s culture, institutions or just luck. This essay will argue for the abundance of cheap coal and a ready workforce and industrial capitalism as major factors in the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was characterised by a slow and steady continuous economic growth which has begun in the 15th century. The industrial revolution did not see a sudden rise in Britain s GDP, in fact there were large growths in only some sectors, but it was a period marked by profoundRead MoreA Brief Look at the Industrial Revolution1130 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution began in 19th century England and eventually spread to Belgium, France, Germany, the United States and Japan. It was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, due to the Agrarian Revolution and new technology; it altered the way people lived. The Industrial Revolution, a major turning point in world history, began in England because of the important pre existing economic abundance of natural resources that fueled industry, the agricultural revolution which providedRead More The Industrial Revolution Essay example985 Words   |  4 PagesPeter Stearns claims that the industrial revolution was an intensely human e xperience. What initially arose as scientific advancements in metallurgy and machine building, the industrial revolution period saw a redefinition of life as a whole. As industry changed, human life began to adapt. Work life was drastically changed which, in turn, resulted in family life being affected. As is human nature, major change was met with great resistant. Ultimately, the most successful people during the transitionRead MoreImportant Factors Leading to Industrial Revolution1606 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, it is almost taken for granted that the industrial revolutions are the result of changing technology and the proper application of that in the industrial production. However, from my point of view, these two factors did play a vital role in stimulating industrial revolutions, but they were not the only catalyzer propelling monumental development in industry. Influentially, the improvements in organizations of politics, social patterns, commerce, finance, and transportation also

Friday, December 13, 2019

Police and Critical Thinking Free Essays

string(110) " in the investigation process as it allows police to correctly identify and charge suspects according to law\." As a police officer it is our role to observe, think about, and solve problems objectively and systematically. Police officers attend a variety of scenarios when working as a general duties officers it is our job to discover the truth; this requires the use of critical thinking and the scientific method of investigation to find the truth. When attending a job and conducting an investigation into a crime or offence police must utilise these skills as critical thinking and the scientific method of investigation go hand in hand with one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Police and Critical Thinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now In particular, to be able to make effective use of the scientific model, you need to be a critical thinker (Osterburg Ward 1992 pp 11). Using the Scientific Method of Investigation requires police to identify the problem on arrival, then to form a hypothesis as to what has happened as well as possible suspects and motives. By collecting further data, police can then review their original hypothesis and start to make an evidence based conclusion on the incident at hand. The whole point of police investigations whatever the crime or incident is to arrive at the truth (Miller,L Connelly,M. 1996). There are six steps to the scientific method of investigation. (Becker, RF, 2000, p. 7) The six steps are state the problem, create a hypothesis, collect all data, test the hypothesis, continue to collect data and finally arrive at a theory. By adhering to this method it provides framework that best assists police in discovering the truth about what happened in a structural, factual and reliable way. PPP232 Topic 3) In this essay I will be critiquing the way the police officers have investigated the assault on Mr Lee that took place and how the officers have used both critical thinking and the scientific method of Investigation, to gather all evidence available to find the truth, in an ethical manner. When applying the first stage of the investigation to the scenario the officers attending the scene are approached by the licensee of the Chiefly Hotel. Denise Spence informs Senior Constable Baltrow that a barman who works in her hotel has been assaulted. Previous experience and observations are both factors which aid us in identifying a problem; this is known as ‘inductive reasoning. ’ In this case, I believe, both factors come into play for Senior Constable Baltrow. Senior constable Baltrow then begins to question the licensee. During the questioning process a male appears from down the street who seems to be out of breath. This male Gary Rawlings, states to police he has just chased a male who assaulted Dan Lee. It appears Mr Rawlings has a lot of valuable information about the assault. By using Denise and Gary’s evidence the Officer in charge is able to identify that a male has been assaulted and taken to Bathurst hospital. The problem has now been identified and the Officers can use their initial observations and the current information they have gathered to begin to form the hypothesis. â€Å"A working hypothesis is like an incomplete puzzle that comes together a piece at a time. † (Becker, 2000. pp. 4). After forming a logical hypothesis that the victim was assaulted by a male, it is now up to the officers to â€Å"Collect Further Data†. Whilst collecting data the Officers will be identifying, utilizing and evaluating various sources of information and evidence collected at the scene to help support their hypothesis. Both the statements give evidence to prove the assault took place but police have no information as to why the assault happened. Constable Buchman points out to Senior constable Baltrow that there is CCTV footage available. In collecting data it is also crucial for the police to be able to link all the evidence presented from witness, victim and available evidence from the crime scene. The next step in the investigation is to interpret the data and test the hypothesis. The statements made by the witnesses may change the officer’s hypothesis from ‘was the assault carried out intentionally or was in self-defence, the CCTV footage will provide officers with valuable evidence to support their hypothesis. For the officers to come to a decision, about their initial hypothesis, it requires critical thinking about their line of investigation. Critical thinking is an integral part of the scientific method of investigation. It is the examination and test of propositions of any kind which are offered for acceptance, in order to find out whether they correspond to reality or not. (Nixon, Stefanovic, O’Conner, 2009, p. 74). The concept of critical thinking includes inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is the process of arriving at a conclusion based on a set of observations. In itself it is not a valid piece of evidence as it can lead to assumptions, stereotypes and prejudices about a suspect. It can also lead to tunnel vision. Deductive reasoning is using the evidence and information at hand to create specific facts and ideas about what occurred during an incident. Its use can help create a hypothesis to help investigators advance in an investigation. It is a starting point for an investigation not a conclusion and an integral part of the scientific method of investigation (PPP232 Module 3). It is not your job to punish: your job is to discover the; who, what, where, when, how and why of an event, and then to report the matter to another authority (Court, Coroner, DPP, Workcover etc). This is the key role of investigation – discovering the truth of the matter and this subject strives to expand your knowledge and skills so you become an effective, professional and ethical investigator. The data that the investigating police were provided with through the investigation process was able to offer police with a sequence of events, before, during and after the incident. The data collected by the police has ensured that the witnesses version of events, matched up with the CCTV footage at the scene. This shows how important evidence is in the investigation process as it allows police to correctly identify and charge suspects according to law. You read "Police and Critical Thinking" in category "Papers" The officers in the scenario believe they are dealing with an assault. To help investigate the crime further the officers will now gather additional data. The officers collect the CCTV footage which will play vital part in the investigation. A description of the suspect is given to Senior constable Baltrow and is broadcasted over the police radio. The officer in charge then proceeds further into the investigation when he is informed about a piece of wood which was used in the assault. The Officer locates the piece of wood and records, photographs and collects this evidence. The next stage of the investigation is to take statements from the witnesses, victim, to obtain a copy of the CCTV footage, and search the area for further witnesses or evidence. Police would then send out Forensic service Group to see if there is any further evidence they can obtain from the scene. The CCTV footage obtained will confirm the witness’s versions. The police now attend Bathurst Hospital to speak with Mr Lee and Catherine James about what occurred at the Chiefly Hotel. Their statements will be a vital part of the investigation. Police observations of Mr Lee’s injuries are consistent with the statements gathered. Police take statements which confirm and support the facts gathered about the assault. Over the radio police get a call stating that a male has been caught trespassing on a property. On arrival the person of interest appears to match the description of the accused involved in the assault at the Chiefly hotel. Applying critical thinking to the new evidence given about a male attempting to break into a property at Bathurst, police now have the suspect allowing for the investigation to begin. The officers are able to caution the offender and begin questioning Jason Priest about the assault. During the questioning process the accused states that the victim came up to him and assaulted him with the piece of wood. Using the CCTV footage the police will now have to view the footage to test this theory. At this stage of the investigation the officers believe they have sufficient data to support their decision on arresting the accused. The Officers will now need to collate any further evidence which would be beneficial to their case such as the victim and witness statements, CCTV footage, forensic evidence from the scenes and the photo identification back at Bathurst Police Station. The data which has been collected is all evidence that meets the description and identifies the suspect. Now that the police have obtained vital information they are able to place the two men out the front of the Chiefly hotel. The victim and first witness supplied important information to the Officers which allowed them to start the investigation, the officers were able to obtain sufficient data to support what type of offence was committed. The only barrier could be the witnesses may drawback from an investigation as they could be affected by emotion, threats, or fear to give their true account on what happened. The responding officers are in a position not only to influence the victim’s feelings, perceptions and assessments regarding the victimisation experience, but whether the victim will assist in the prosecution of the case. ’ In this prosecution the CCTV is important as it shows who has the piece of wood and the method in which it was used, intent or self-defence. The CCTV footage helps the officers comprehend what has occurred and collaborate the versions that hav e been represented by the witnesses. Police have obtained 3 forms of evidence: Real, Original and Documentary. Real evidence is an object, something tangible that is found at a crime scene or is related to an offence. In this scenario an example of real evidence is the piece of wood that was used by the accused as a weapon in the assault. Original evidence is evidence given by a witness, a statement and anything said by a person in relation to the offence and what they saw. Police obtained statements from Denise, Catherine James and Mr Lee. Documentary evidence is anything that can be classed as a document. Relating to this scenario the officers took photos of the weapon in the assault and collected CCTV footage from Denise the licensee of the hotel. From gathering and assessing all evidence police can now â€Å"Draw an Evidence Based Conclusion†. It is now up to the officers to use critical thinking to link all pieces of evidence to the crime to find the truth. By individualising each piece of evidence found, the officers can identify what each piece of evidence means, determine the reliability of the evidence and what range of conclusions can be drawn from it. By collecting further data, police can then review their original hypothesis and start to make an evidence based conclusion. When undertaking any role as a police officer it is important to maintain professionalism by acting in an ethical manner, The† Code of Conduct and Ethics† and â€Å"Statement of Values† provide guide lines for police to adhere to when undertaking this role. Police must always act in an ethical manner throughout their role as a police officer. Everything a police officer does is under scrutiny from fellow officers, victims, witnesses and of course the public, which is why it crucial that police act in an ethically sound manner. The â€Å"Code of Conduct and Ethics (CCE)† and â€Å"Statement of Values (SOV)† provides a framework in which the police are to operate. In this scenario the police have embraced the expectations from both the CCE and the SOV. The 3 main points of the CCE addressed in the scenario are: the officers â€Å"behaved honestly and in a way that upholds the values and the good reputation of the NSW police† and â€Å"acted with care and diligence†. The officers throughout the incident acted professionally, and made numerous decisions during the investigation some ethically correct and others which could have been dealt with differently. One of the decisions made which I believe to be unethical was not to IPE the person of interest. Section 201(2)(c) of LEPRA clearly states an officer must inform a person of their name, place of duty and give evidence that they are police officers if not in uniform before exercising any power. Failure to abide by this legislation deems all powers that are exercised unlawful. Due to the officers failing to abide by this safeguard the arrest would be considered unlawful. This could possibly see the collapse of the case in court and see a crime go unpunished. Another factor is that tunnel vision occurred when the officer in charge was questioning the witness at the scene. An example of the officers not thinking critically and letting tunnel vision take over is when the officer in charge broadcasted the description of the male wanted for the assault. At that stage the officers only assumed that an assault has occurred. Police also broadcasted a description of the accused over police radio, this was done without fully investigating and assuming that the witness was telling the truth. Police should have reviewed the CCTV footage from the hotel to ascertain that an assault had occurred and the description of the accused was correct. It seemed to me that officers performed fairly well. They sufficiently investigated the matter and were able to arrest the suspect for further in It is easy for us to watch this scenario unfold on DVD and criticise the actions and decisions of the two officers. However when you are placed in real life situation you need to focus on what will be in the public’s best interest and what ethical decisions will need to be made. It is important to remember that investigation is not a game with winners or losers it is a search for the truth based on the gathering of information in a fair and ethical manner. I believe that the Officers were able to provide a framework that best assisted them to the truth of the crime. In conclusion â€Å"Critical thinking† and the â€Å"Scientific Method of Investigation† are fundamental partners in criminal investigation. Together they form a â€Å"logical and scientific format† (Activity 6. 1) that enables an investigator to form logical conclusions based on the collected evidence. Critical thinking allows for conclusions coming forth from a number of different perspectives. Together this way of thinking is important in investigations as it aides investigators in answering questions and reconstructing the past. Often police are placed in a situation that requires them to solve a crime or identify an offender who committed an offence. The fact that the community have placed police in that role means it is the police who are accountable for finding the truth, and this is the basis of investigation – for police to search for the truth. How to cite Police and Critical Thinking, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Components of Internal Combustion Engine free essay sample

Even though reciprocating internal combustion engines look quite sim ¬ple, they are highly complex machines. There are hundreds of compo ¬nents which have to perform their functions satisfactorily to produce out ¬put power. The main components of the IC engine and their functions are described below. †¢Cylinder Block: The cylinder block is the main supporting structure for the various components. The cylinder of a multi-cylinder engine is cast as a single unit, called cylinder block. The cylinder head is mounted on the cylinder block. The cylinder head and cylinder block are provided with water jackets in the case of water cooling or with cooling fins in the case of air cooling. Cylinder head gasket is incorporated between the cylinder block and cylinder head. The cylinder head is held tight to the cylinder block by number of bolts or studs. The bottom portion of the cylinder block is called crankcase. A cover called crankcase which becomes a sump for lubricating oil is fastened to the bottom of the crankcase. We will write a custom essay sample on Components of Internal Combustion Engine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The inner surface of the cylinder block which is machined and finished accurately to cylindrical shape is called bore or face. Cylinder: As the name implies it is a cylindrical vessel or space in which the piston makes a reciprocating motion. The varying volume created in the cylinder during the operation of the engine is filled with the working fluid and subjected to different thermodynamic processes. The cylinder is supported in the cylinder block. †¢Piston: It is a cylindrical component fitted into the cylinder forming the moving boundary of the combustion system. It fits perfectly (snugly) into the cylinder providing a gas-tight space with the piston rings and the lubricant. It forms the first link in transmitting the gas forces to the output shaft. Combustion Chamber: The space enclosed in the upper part of the cylinder, by the cylinder head and the piston top during the combustion process, is called the combustion chamber. The combustion of fuel and the consequent release of thermal energy results in the building up of pressure in this part of the cylinder. †¢Inlet Manifold: The pipe which connects the intake system to the inlet valve of the engine and through which air or air-fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder is called the inlet manifold. †¢Exhaust Manifold: The pipe which connects the exhaust system to the xhaust valve of the engine and through which the products of combustion escape into the atmosphere is called the exhaust manifold. †¢Inlet and Exhaust Valves: Valves are commonly mushroom shaped poppet type. They are provided either on the cylinder head or on the side of the cylinder for regulating the charge coming into the cylinder (inlet valve) and for discharging the products of combustion (exhaust valve) from the cylinder. †¢Spark Plug: It is a component to initiate the combustion process in Spark-Ignition (SI) engines and is usually located on the cylinder head. Crankshaft: It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into useful rotary motion of the output shaft. In the crankshaft of a single cylinder engine there is a pair of crank arms and balance weights. The balance weights are provided for static and dynamic balancing of the rotating sys ¬tem. The crankshaft is enclosed in a crankcase. †¢Piston Rings: Piston rings, fitted into the slots around the piston, pro ¬vide a tight seal between the piston and the cylinder wall thus preventing leakage of combustion gases Reference link : http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

Thursday, November 28, 2019

The Road Not Taken Poem Explication free essay sample

Robert Frost is an excellent poet and will be remembered for his works for as long as they exist. Personally Robert Frost is one of my favorite poets, so when I saw this poem, I had to use it to write my explication. When I read The Road Not Taken, it really hit close to home to me. I get the sense from Frost that he is implying that he doesn’t want people to conform to society. Basically he does not want us to follow a path just because most others have chosen that path. Most importantly in the poem, Frost leaves us with the theme of having to choose a path in which we have no knowledge of where it will take us. We can all relate to this especially my self because I had the same type of decision to make when it came to picking a college. We will write a custom essay sample on The Road Not Taken Poem Explication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Frost wants us to be different and to make decision for ourselves in life. I feel he wants us to be independent people who make our own future. Throughout this explication, I am going to explain the themes and meanings of each line of the poem and how those themes contribute to the overall meaning of being different and making your own decisions without the influence of others in which Frost implies to his readers. Robert Frost constructed this poem in four stanzas in which each stanza has five lines. He also uses the rhyme scheme AABBAAB, which you will see expressed throughout the poem and explication. From reading this poem and acknowledging the rhyme, I almost got a disgusting and sad feeling. I think Frost did these just to show how serious that his message in this poem really was. You also get the sense from Frost that he is flashing back to this particular event in his life from reading the poem. Also in my opinion, it feels like there is a somewhat somber mood or tone throughout Frost’s poem. Frost begins the poem with the line â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,† which I feel Frost is introducing us to a decision that he must make through imagery and symbolism, which in this case, the two roads are symbols for the decision that we must make as human beings in life. Frost then says â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both. † Frost is saying here that in life we have to make decisions in which we have to make a choice. It is either one or the other, and this really applied to me when it came to college because it was either go off to GCSU or stay home. But that’s just me. It also seems to me that frost wishes and feels disappointed that he could not take both roads because he says â€Å"sorry† at the beginning of the line. In the next line, Frost says, â€Å"And be one traveler, long I stood. What Frost is saying here in my opinion, is basically that he really pondered and thought about his decision for a long time. It is almost like Frost is giving us the idea that we need to take a long time to make and think about major decisions in life, so that we can make the right decision for ourselves. Frost is basically just telling us to be patient when making big decisions in life. Frost in the next line then says, â€Å"And look ed down one as far as I could. † I think here Frost is saying that he is studying one of the choices as best he can and getting as much information about this choice to help him make a decision. The next line then states, â€Å"To where I bent in the undergrowth;† Frost is using imagery here to describe the choice in which he only knows so much about this particular choice. Frost does not have a lot of information about this choice, and he expresses it very clearly in his poem when describing the road bending into the undergrowth. It seems to me that he can not see the future of this path, and that he has to take a major risk when choosing his path. In the next stanza Frost starts with saying, â€Å"Then took the other, as just as fair. Frost is basically saying that he reviewed and thought about this choice equally to the other choice. He uses the word fair to prove that theory, and although he does not go into as much depth as the other choice, he is still implying that the two roads or paths are equal. Thus leading me to believe, that Frost is basically saying that the outcomes of each of the choices are equally fair as well, but that is just my opinion. He then s ays, â€Å"And having perhaps the better claim,† in the next line. This is somewhat symbolic and ironic. This is symbolic in which the road less traveled that has the better claim and less wear is equal to the path in which is not chosen by most in society. It is somewhat ironic because it is not most traveled and successful, and Frost decides to take this road later in the poem. It is ironic because we all would expect somebody to take the most popular road because honestly life has come down to popularity. I hate it, but it is true. He took the road less traveled which was the least popular road, and I really respect him for that, but I’ll get into this more later on. Frost then describes this choice through imagery by saying in the next line, â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear;† He is describing this road in which it is very grassy and there is little to no wear on this road. He makes it very clear through his imagery that this is the road less traveled. Frost again uses imagery to describe each choice when he says, â€Å"Though as for that the passing there, Had worn them really about the same. † He is saying here in my opinion that both paths or choices are almost equal when it comes to outcome and success. He also uses some diction in this instance when describing the similarity of both paths or choices. Robert Frost begins the next stanza leading up to his decision by saying, â€Å"And both that morning equally lay, In leaves no step had trodden black. † To me he is saying that in the day he made the decision both choices and paths were almost identical and that this decision could not be made primarily off of the look of both paths or choices. Also he uses what appears to be a sad, dark word choice or diction when he uses the word â€Å"black. It also could fall under the use of dark imagery because as a reader it really put me in a quiet, somber mood. In the next line, Frost says, â€Å"Oh, I kept the first for another day! † In my opinion, Frost is saying here that he took the second road with the better claim, and the road that was less traveled with the least wear. I also get the sense in this line that if his first decision does not work out for him, that he can always change paths if he fails. The next line says, â€Å"Yet knowing how way leads to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. Frost is saying here that by taking this path, other opportunities and decisions will come up, and take him to different places and times in life. I feel that Frost is using repetition by saying, â€Å"way leads to way,† because he is putting an emphasis on the fact that more opportunities are going to come up that will distance him from where he began. Because of that he feels that like he may not be able to come ba ck to the other choice and that this decision he is making is truly life altering and life changing. It is almost like he feels that there is no turning back for him. Frost begins the last stanza by saying â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh, Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood,† Frost uses repetition and symbolism here when saying, â€Å"ages and ages hence,† to warn the upcoming generations that they will one day encounter tough decisions that are life changing, and that they will have to make difficult decisions in life and in the future. Frost uses symbolism in which he is comparing ages to ages to the upcoming generations. He puts a huge emphasis foreboding that we are going to have to make decisions in life. He also has a very soberest tone and mood in these lines. It is almost like he feels bad that everyone in their lives must make decisions like this. It almost seems to me like he feels he made the wrong choice himself, but that is not the case because Frost then says in the next line, â€Å"and I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. † What I get from this line is that the line is almost symbolizing how not following the crowd really makes a difference in life, and it appears that being yourself and doing what you want to do is what really makes you happy and successful in life. This poem really hit home to me because in my opinion we must all face choices and decisions in our lives. We are all going to come upon these roads that Frost talks about. It is inevitable, and through tone, imagery, and word choices. His poem was almost spot with the decision I had to make on college. I definitely approached those two paths, and I just like Frost, took the road less traveled. In the case of my family, that would be leaving home and going off to school, but I think I made the right decision. Either choice I made, I am almost certain that my life would end up just the same as it is now. With that knowledge it was a risk I was willing to take. So with analyzing and thoroughly reading Frost’s poem, I have really learned a lot and been able to apply the situations in the poem to instances in my life. This is definitely one of my favorite poems, and I Frost’s opinion of not conforming to society and making our own choices. I love it, and I honestly feel that we are better off doing what we want to do. To me that is the only way in which we can truly be happy without any doubts.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Understanding the Bush Doctrine

Understanding the Bush Doctrine The term Bush Doctrine applies to the foreign policy approach that President  George W. Bush practiced during this two terms, January 2001 to January 2009. It was the basis for the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. Neoconservative Framework The Bush Doctrine grew out of  neoconservative dissatisfaction with President Bill Clintons handling of the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein in the 1990s. The U.S. had beaten Iraq in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. That wars goals, however, were limited to forcing Iraq to abandon its occupation of Kuwait and did not include toppling Saddam. Many neoconservatives  voiced concern that the U.S. did not depose Saddam. Post-war peace terms also dictated that Saddam  allow United Nations inspectors to periodically search Iraq for evidence of programs to build weapons of mass destruction, which could include chemical or nuclear weapons. Saddam repeatedly angered neo-cons as he stalled or prohibited U.N. inspections. Neoconservatives Letter to Clinton In January 1998, a group of neoconservative hawks, who advocated warfare, if necessary, to achieve their goals, sent a letter to Clinton calling for the removal of Saddam. They said that Saddams interference with U.N. weapons inspectors made it impossible to gain any concrete intelligence about Iraqi weapons. For the neo-cons, Saddams firing of SCUD missiles at Israel during the Gulf War and his use of chemical weapons against Iran in the 1980s erased any doubt about whether he would use any WMD he obtained. The group stressed its view that containment of Saddams Iraq had failed. As the main point of their letter, they said: Given the magnitude of the threat, the current policy, which depends for its success upon the steadfastness of our coalition partners and upon the cooperation of Saddam Hussein, is dangerously inadequate. The only acceptable strategy is one that eliminates the possibility that Iraq will be able to use or threaten to use weapons of mass destruction. In the near term, this means a willingness to undertake military action as diplomacy is clearly failing. In the long term, it means removing Saddam Hussein and his regime from power. That now needs to become the aim of American foreign policy. Signers of the letter included Donald Rumsfeld, who would become Bushs first secretary of defense, and Paul Wolfowitz, who would become undersecretary of defense. America First Unilateralism The Bush Doctrine has an element of America first unilateralism that revealed itself well before the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States, the so-called War on Terror or the Iraq War. That revelation came in March 2001, just two months into Bushs presidency, when he withdrew the United States from the U.N.s Kyoto Protocol  to reduce worldwide greenhouse gasses. Bush reasoned that transitioning American industry from coal to cleaner electricity or natural gas would drive up energy costs and force rebuilding of manufacturing infrastructures. The decision made the United States one of two developed nations not subscribing to the Kyoto Protocol. The other was Australia, which has since made plans to join protocol nations. As of January 2017, the U.S. still had not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. With Us or With the Terrorists After the al-Qaida terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on Sept. 11, 2001, the Bush Doctrine took on a new dimension. That night, Bush told Americans that, in fighting terrorism, the U.S. would not distinguish between terrorists and nations that harbor terrorists. Bush expanded on that when he addressed a joint session of Congress on Sept. 20, 2001. He said: We will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism. Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. From this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime. In October 2001, U.S. and allied troops invaded Afghanistan, where intelligence indicated the Taliban-held government was harboring al-Qaida. Preventive War In January 2002, Bushs foreign policy headed toward one of preventive war. Bush described Iraq, Iran and North Korea as an axis of evil that supported terrorism and sought weapons of mass destruction. Well be deliberate, yet time is not on our side. I will not wait on events while dangers gather. I will not stand by as peril draws closer and closer. The United States of America will not permit the worlds most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the worlds most destructive weapons, Bush said. As Washington Post columnist Dan Froomkin commented, Bush was putting a new spin on traditional war policy. Pre-emption has in fact been a staple of our foreign policy for ages and other countries as well, Froomkin wrote. The twist Bush put on it was embracing preventive war: Taking action well before an attack was imminent invading a country that was simply perceived as threatening. By the end of 2002, the Bush administration was talking openly about the possibility of Iraq possessing WMD and reiterating that it harbored and supported terrorists. That rhetoric indicated that the hawks who had written Clinton in 1998 now held sway in the Bush Cabinet. A U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq in March 2003, quickly toppling Saddams regime in a shock and awe campaign. Legacy A bloody insurgency against the  American occupation of Iraq and the U.S. inability to quickly prop up a working democratic government damaged the credibility of the Bush Doctrine. Most damaging was the absence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Any preventive war doctrine relies on the support of good intelligence, but the absence of WMD highlighted a problem of faulty intelligence. The Bush Doctrine essentially died in 2006. By then the military force in Iraq was focusing on damage repair and pacification, and the militarys preoccupation with and focus on Iraq had enabled the Taliban in Afghanistan to reverse American successes there. In November 2006, public dissatisfaction with the wars enabled Democrats to reclaim control of Congress. It also forced Bush to usher the hawk most notably Rumsfeld out of his Cabinet.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Rawls thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rawls thinking - Essay Example This kind of utopianism is not especially useful in the international scheme. Utopianism is unrealistic. It supposes that a perfect world can be created by men and that is one of our goals on Earth. E. H. Carr, for example, is a realist: he believes the world is not perfectible and that efforts to do so will end in failure and sometime calamity (Copleston, 99). The political system contains too many variables for any person or group to control. The League of Nations is a good example of this. The problems of the world are not the creation of any one person or group and so they cannot be tackled head on. Utopianism is a dead end and Rawls version of it is also a dead end. In a sense Rawls opinion of international relations is a continuation of Rousseaus (Rawls, 224). To fully understand this with must go back more than 200 years into the past. The Enlightenment was a remarkable time in human history. For many years, humans had lived in an intellectual or cultural â€Å"dark ages† where very little changed and people were wedded to their superstitions. Centuries went by and nothing really progressed. Instead of testing the world around them they simply accepted what clergymen or monarchs told them was true and left it at that. They didn’t test their limits; they just read old books and believed the facts in them. But this state of affairs could not last forever. There is an impulse, a curiosity, in humans that seeks sensible explanations. In the 17th century the Enlightenment began. Motivated by trade, the printing press, and a number of very significant intellectual leaders, this period of history saw a lot of the superstitions that gui ded people’s lives beaten back. Thinkers like Diderot, Voltaire, Adam Smith, and Thomas Jefferson revolutionized the way we think about the world and our place in it (Sahakian, 87). Scientific innovation was also telling us more and more about our world, was